如何使用Bash脚本列出文件、目录、可执行文件和链接
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一个可以列出文件、目录、可执行文件和链接的简单脚本。
你是否曾经想列出目录中的所有文件，但仅列出文件，而不列出其它的。仅列出目录呢？如果有这种需求的话，那么下面的脚本可能正是你一直在寻找的，它在 GPLv3 下开源。
当然，你可以使用 find 命令：
find . -maxdepth 1 -type f -print
但这键入起来很麻烦，输出也不友好，并且缺少 ls 命令拥有的一些改进。你还可以结合使用 ls 和 grep 来达到相同的结果：
ls -F . | grep -v /
但是，这又有点笨拙。下面这个脚本提供了一种简单的替代方法。
用法
该脚本提供了四个主要功能，具体取决于你调用它的名称：lsf 列出文件，lsd 列出目录，lsx 列出可执行文件以及 lsl 列出链接。
通过符号链接无需安装该脚本的多个副本。这样可以节省空间并使脚本更新更容易。
该脚本通过使用 find 命令进行搜索，然后在找到的每个项目上运行 ls。这样做的好处是，任何给脚本的参数都将传递给 ls 命令。因此，例如，这可以列出所有文件，甚至包括以点开头的文件：
lsf -a
要以长格式列出目录，请使用 lsd 命令：
lsd -l
你可以提供多个参数，以及文件和目录路径。
下面提供了当前目录的父目录和 /usr/bin 目录中所有文件的长分类列表：
lsf -F -l .. /usr/bin
目前该脚本不处理递归，仅列出当前目录中的文件。
lsf -R
该脚本不会深入子目录，这个不足有一天可能会进行修复。
内部
该脚本采用自上而下的方式编写，其初始化功能位于脚本的开头，而工作主体则接近结尾。脚本中只有两个真正重要的功能。函数 parse_args() 会仔细分析命令行，将选项与路径名分开，并处理脚本中的 ls 命令行选项中的特定选项。
list_things_in_dir() 函数以目录名作为参数并在其上运行 find 命令。找到的每个项目都传递给 ls 命令进行显示。
总结
这是一个可以完成简单功能的简单脚本。它节省了时间，并且在使用大型文件系统时可能会非常有用。
脚本
#!/bin/bash # Script to list:# directories (if called "lsd")# files (if called "lsf")# links (if called "lsl")# or executables (if called "lsx")# but not any other type of filesystem object.# FIXME: add lsp (list pipes)## Usage:# <command_name> [switches valid for ls command] [dirname...]## Works with names that includes spaces and that start with a hyphen.## Created by Nick Clifton.# Version 1.4# Copyright (c) 2006, 2007 Red Hat.## This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published# by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your# option) any later version. # It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the# GNU General Public License for more details. # ToDo:# Handle recursion, eg: lsl -R# Handle switches that take arguments, eg --block-size# Handle --almost-all, --ignore-backups, --format and --ignore main (){ init parse_args ${1+"$@"} list_objects exit 0} report (){ echo $prog": " ${1+"$@"}} fail (){ report " Internal error: " ${1+"$@"} exit 1} # Initialise global variables.init (){ # Default to listing things in the current directory. dirs[0]="."; # num_dirs is the number of directories to be listed minus one. # This is because we are indexing the dirs[] array from zero. num_dirs=0; # Default to ignoring things that start with a period. no_dots=1 # Note - the global variables 'type' and 'opts' are initialised in # parse_args function.} # Parse our command lineparse_args (){ local no_more_args no_more_args=0 ; prog=`basename $0` ; # Decide if we are listing files or directories. case $prog in lsf | lsf.sh) type=f opts=""; ;; lsd | lsd.sh) type=d # The -d switch to "ls" is presumed when listing directories. opts="-d"; ;; lsl | lsl.sh) type=l # Use -d to prevent the listed links from being followed. opts="-d"; ;; lsx | lsx.sh) type=f find_extras="-perm /111" ;; *) fail "Unrecognised program name: '$prog', expected either 'lsd', 'lsf', 'lsl' or 'lsx'" ;; esac # Locate any additional command line switches for ls and accumulate them. # Likewise accumulate non-switches to the directories list. while [ $# -gt 0 ] do case "$1" in # FIXME: Handle switches that take arguments, eg --block-size # FIXME: Properly handle --almost-all, --ignore-backups, --format # FIXME: and --ignore # FIXME: Properly handle --recursive -a | -A | --all | --almost-all) no_dots=0; ;; --version) report "version 1.2" exit 0 ;; --help) case $type in d) report "a version of 'ls' that lists only directories" ;; l) report "a version of 'ls' that lists only links" ;; f) if [ "x$find_extras" = "x" ] ; then report "a version of 'ls' that lists only files" ; else report "a version of 'ls' that lists only executables"; fi ;; esac exit 0 ;; --) # A switch to say that all further items on the command line are # arguments and not switches. no_more_args=1 ; ;; -*) if [ "x$no_more_args" = "x1" ] ; then dirs[$num_dirs]="$1"; let "num_dirs++" else # Check for a switch that just uses a single dash, not a double # dash. This could actually be multiple switches combined into # one word, eg "lsd -alF". In this case, scan for the -a switch. # XXX: FIXME: The use of =~ requires bash v3.0+. if [[ "x${1:1:1}" != "x-" && "x$1" =~ "x-.*a.*" ]] ; then no_dots=0; fi opts="$opts $1"; fi ;; *) dirs[$num_dirs]="$1"; let "num_dirs++" ;; esac shift done # Remember that we are counting from zero not one. if [ $num_dirs -gt 0 ] ; then let "num_dirs--" fi} list_things_in_dir (){ local dir # Paranoia checks - the user should never encounter these. if test "x$1" = "x" ; then fail "list_things_in_dir called without an argument" fi if test "x$2" != "x" ; then fail "list_things_in_dir called with too many arguments" fi # Use quotes when accessing $dir in order to preserve # any spaces that might be in the directory name. dir="${dirs[$1]}"; # Catch directory names that start with a dash - they # confuse pushd. if test "x${dir:0:1}" = "x-" ; then dir="./$dir" fi if [ -d "$dir" ] then if [ $num_dirs -gt 0 ] then echo " $dir:" fi # Use pushd rather passing the directory name to find so that the # names that find passes on to xargs do not have any paths prepended. pushd "$dir" > /dev/null if [ $no_dots -ne 0 ] ; then find . -maxdepth 1 -type $type $find_extras -not -name ".*" -printf "%f\000" \ | xargs --null --no-run-if-empty ls $opts -- ; else find . -maxdepth 1 -type $type $find_extras -printf "%f\000" \ | xargs --null --no-run-if-empty ls $opts -- ; fi popd > /dev/null else report "directory '$dir' could not be found" fi} list_objects (){ local i i=0; while [ $i -le $num_dirs ] do list_things_in_dir i let "i++" done} # Invoke mainmain ${1+"$@"}
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