1. The Cognitive Revolution

1.1 An Animal of No Significance

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
Domain	n.域
Kingdom	n.界
Phylum	n.门
Class	n.纲
Order	n.目
Family	n.科
genus	n.“属” 名
species	n.“种” 名
Panthera	n.豹 “属”
leo	n.狮 “种”
gorillas	n.大猩猩
fireflies	n.萤火虫
jellyfish	n.水母

1. The most important thing to know about prehistory humans is that they were insignificant animals with no more impact on their environment than gorillas , fireflies, or jellyfish.
2. Biologists label organisms with a two-part Latin name, genus followed by species.

Lions, for example, are called Panthera leo, the species leo of the genus Panthera. Presumably, everyone reading this book is a Homo sapiens–— the species sapiens (wise) of the genus Homo(man).

3. Just 6 million years ago, a single female ape had two daughters. One became the ancestor of all chimpanzees, the other is our own grandmother.

1.2 Skeletons in the Closet

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
archaic	a.古代的
relatives	n.亲戚
cradle	n.摇篮，发源地
continent	n.大陆

1. Not only do we possess an abundance of uncivilized cousins; one upon a time we had quite a few brothers and sisters as well.
2. “Sapiens” denotes members of the species Homo sapiens, “human” refers to all extant menmbers of the genus Homo.
3. 2.5 million years ago: Southern Ape(an earlier genus of apes) --— Human first evolved in East Africa.
4. 2 million years ago: migrate through and settle vast areas of North Africa, Europe, and Asia.
5. Human species:

6. This linear model gives the mistaken impression that at any particular moment only one type of human inhabited the earth, and that all earlier species were merely older models of ourselves.
7. The truth is that from 2 million years ago until around 10000 years ago, the world was home, at one and same time, to several human species.

1.3 The Cost of Thinking

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
enamored	a.迷恋的
jumbo	a.巨大的
savannah	n.大草原
criteria	n.标准
colt	n.小马
forage	v.觅食
devour	v.狼吞虎咽，贪婪地阅读
giraffe	n.长颈鹿
hyena	n.鬣狗
jackal	n.豺
scavenge	v.捡拾
spectaular	a./n.壮观的（场面）
pyramid	n.金字塔
in tow	紧跟在后

1. Common characteristics: large brain
2. In Homo sapiens, the brain accounts for about 2~3 percent of total body weight, but it consumes 25 percent of the body’s energy when the body is at rest.
3. Like a government diverting money from defense to eduction, humans diverted energy from biceps to neurons.
4. Standing up → easier to scan → arms are freed → perform very intricate tasks with hands.
5. Compared to other animals, humans are born prematurely, when many of their vital systems are still underdeveloped.

A colt can trot shortly after birth; a kitten leaves its mother to forage on its own when it is just a few weeks old.
Human babies are helpless, dependent for many years on their elders for sustenance, protection, and eduction. → social abilities and social problems

• Reference：https://www.ithome.com/html/it/364837.htm

6. Humans remained weak and marginal creatures during a full two million years.
7. Genus Homo’s position in the food chain was, until quite recently, solidly in the middle.
8. 400,000 years ago : several species of man began to hunt large game; only in the last 100,000 years --— with the rise of Homo sapiens --— that man jumped to the top of the food chain.
9. Humankind ascended to the top so quickly that the ecosystem was not given time to adjust.
10. Sapiens by contrast is more like a banana republic dictator.

1.4 A Race of Cooks

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
domestication	n.驯化
digest	v.消化

1. A significant step on the way to the top was the domestication of fire.(800,000 years ago)

2. Homo erectus, Neanderthals and the forefathers of Homo sapiens were using fire on a daily basis,(300,000 years ago)

3. Cook’s favorite:

   ① kill germs and parasites

   ② easy to chew and digest

1.5 Our Brothers’ Keepers

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
overran	v.扩展并占领
landmass	n.大陆
Archeologist	n.考古学家
mingling	a.混合的
revulsion	n.剧变，厌恶
genocide	n.种族灭杀
hitch	v./ n. 搭便车
hitch a ride	搭便车
the Qur’ran	n.《古兰经》

1. 150,000 years ago, Humans were still marginal creatures.

2. 70,000 years ago, Sapiens from East Africa（which was popolated by Sapiens that looked just like us） spred into the Arabian Peninsula, and from there they quickly overran the entire Eurasian landmass.

   

3. Two conflicting theories:

Theory	content	comment
The Interbreeding Theory	attraction, sex and mingling	Middle East and Europe: Sapiens&Neanderthals = Eurasians; East Asia: Sapiens&Erectus = Chinese and Koreans
The Replacement Theory	incompatibility, revulsion and genocide	Reproductive isolation，we are all “pure Sapiens”

4. The Replacement Theory was more politically correct.(the Pandora’s box of racism)
5. It turned out that one to four percent of the unique human DNA of populations in the Middle East and Europe is Neanderthal DNA.(in 2010, map the Neanderthal genome were published.)
6. Up to six percent of the unique human DNA of modern Melanesians and Aboriginal Australians is Denisovan DNA.
7. It seems that about 50,000 years ago, Sapiens, Neanderthals and Denisovans were at that borderline point. They were almost, but not quite, entirely separate species.(A few lucky Neanderthal genes did hitch a ride on the Sapiens Express.)
8. Homo sapiens conquered the world thanks above all to its unique language.

1.6 The Great Leap Forward

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
lamp	n.灯，v.照亮
needle	n.针
sew	v.织衣服
genetic mutations	基因突变
supple	a.灵活的
staggering	a.惊人的
entities	n.存在
fourth estate	第四权力 --— 新闻界

1. The period from about 70,000 years ago to about 30,000 years ago witnessed the invention of boats, oil lamps, bows and arrows and needles(essential for sewing warm clothing)

2. The appearance of new ways of thinking and communicating, between 70,000 and 30,000 years ago, constitutes the Cognitive Revolution.
3. Two Theory: where our language from?

• genetic mutations theory：the Grate Leap mutation, changed the inner wiring of the brains of Sapiens
• gossip theory：evolved as means of sharing information about world → social animal primarily；evolved as a way of gossiping

4. Our language is amazingly supple. As far as we know, only Sapiens can talk about entire kinds of entities that they have never seen, touch or smelt. Speaking about fictions is the most unique feature of Sapiens language.
5. Gossip usually focuses on wrongdoings.
6. Legends, myths, gods, and religions appeared for the first time the Cognitive Revolution.

1.7 The Legend of Peugeot

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
hierarchical	a.分等级的
rupture	n./v. 破裂（关系）
title	n.称号，头衔
platoon	n.排 (a platoon of 30 soldiers)
incarnated	v.体现，人化（化身）
crucify	vt. 折磨，克制，被钉在十字架上
redeem	vt.赎回，救赎
secretary	n.（政府机关等）秘书官
invulnerable	a.无懈可击的
immortal	a.不朽的
figment	n.想象的事物（空想）
legal fiction	[法律]拟制
creditors	n.债权人
liable	a.有责任的
obligation	n.义务
priest	n.牧师
assiduously	adv.刻苦地
devout	a.虔诚的
consecrated	a.神圣的
parliament	n.议会，国会 （the French parliament）
hocus pocus	花招，骗术
woven	weave的过去分词
sculptor	n.雕刻家

1. In the wake of the Cognitive Revolution, gossip helped Homo sapiens to form larger and more stable bands.
2. （Dunbar’s number）The ceiling of effective gossip is 150 human beings.
3. Large number of strangers can cooperate successfully by believing in common myths.(thanks the appearance of fiction)
4. Catholics believe that God was incarnated in human flesh and allowed himself to be crucified to redeem our sins.
5. Peugeot began as a small family business in the village of Valentigney, just 300 kilometers from the Stadel cave.

6. Peugeot is a figment of our collective imagination called by the lawyer “ legal fiction(wiki: A legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts which is then used in order to apply a legal rule. Typically, a legal fiction allows the court to ignore a fact that would prevent it from exercising its jurisdiction, by simply assuming that the fact is different. ) “. Although not a physical object , it does exists as a legal entity( bound by the laws of the countries in which it operates).
7. Peugeot belongs to a particular genre of legal fiction called “limited liability companies.”（This company were legally independent of the people who set them up, or invested money in them, or managed them）
8. According to the French legislators, if a certified lawyer followed all the proper liturgy and rituals, wrote all the required spells and oaths/ on a wonderfully decorated piece of paper, and affixed his ornate signature to the bottom of the document, then hocus pocus - a new company was incorporated.
9. Ever since the Cognitive Revolution, Sapiens have thus been living in a dual reality.

On the one hand, the objective reality of rivers, trees and lions; and on the other hand, the imagined reality of gods, nations and corporations.

1.8 Bypassing the Genome

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
divine	a.神的，神圣的
sovereignty	n.主权，独立国
bonobo	n.矮黑猩猩
initiative	n.主动性，倡议
autocrat	n.独裁者
Mediterranean	n.地中海
Atlantic	n.大西洋
coast	n.海岸
ever since	自从那时起
Pacific	n.太平洋
totem	n.图腾
cohesive	a.团结的

1. Myth could be revised rapidly with changing needs opened a fast lane of cultural revolution, bypassing the traffic jams of genetic evolution.
2. Yet the fact is that no animal other than Sapiens engages in trade, and all the Sapiens trade-networks about which we have detailed evidence were based on fictions.
3. Trade cannot exist without trust, and it is very difficult to trust strangers.
4. What happened in the Cognitive Revolution?

1.9 History and Biology

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
immense	a.巨大的
components	n.零件
pandemonium	n.地狱，大混乱
glue	n.胶水 v.胶粘
arena	n.竞技场，舞台

1. Once culture appeared, they never ceased to change and develop, and these unstoppable alterations are what we call “history.”
2. From the Cognitive Revolution onwards, historical narratives replace biological theories as our primary means of explaining the development of Homo sapiens.
3. Comparison:

Size	Chimpanzees	Sapiens
<150	-	similar to Chimpanzees
1000~2000	pandemonium	regularly

4. Together, they create orderly patterns --— such as trade networks, mass celebrations, and political institutions --— that they could never have created in isolation.
5. Yet tool-making is of little consequence unless it is coupled with the ability to cooperate with many others.

《La Liberté guidant le peuple》

6. The next chapter takes a peek behind the curtain of the ages, ……

1.10 Being a Hunter-Gatherer

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
forager	n.采集者
the blink of an eye	一眨眼功夫
gorge on	贪婪地吃
binge on	狂吃猛喝
in the throes of	处于……的痛苦中
obesity	n.肥胖
instinct	n.本能，直觉
savannah	n.大草原
monogamy family	一夫一妻制家庭
flimsy evidence	薄弱的证据
perishable	a.易坏（消亡）的
descendant	n.后代
devise	v.想象，设想
a plethora of	= many 过多的，过剩的
be accoutered by	被……装备
condom	n.避孕套
Gothic	a. / n. 哥特式的
Muslim	a. / n. 穆斯林的
mosque	n. 清真寺
Hindu ashram	印度 修行处
Torah	n.教律，犹太教的核心
scroll	n.卷轴
priestly	a.僧侣的
cassock	n.教士服
incense	n.焚香后的烟 v.激怒
ubiquitous	a.无所不在的
toting	v.身背
ritual	n.仪式
evolutionary psychology	进化心理学
legacies	n.遗产
bewildering	a.令人困惑（混乱）的
palette	n.调色板

1. [⑴The past 200 years, during which ever increasing numbers of Sapiens have obtain their daily bread as urban laborers and office workers] —

   and —

   [⑵the preceding 10,000 years, during which most Sapiens lived as farmers and herders, are the blink of an eye] —

   compared to —

   [⑶the tens of thousands of years during which our ancestors hunted and gathered].

2. Our eating habits, our conflicts, and our sexuality are all the result of the way our hunter-gatherer mind interact with our current post-industrial environment, with its mege-citied, airplanes, telephone, and computers.

3. This environment gives us more material resources and longer lives than those enjoyed by any previous generation, but it often makes us feel alienated, depressed, and pressured.

4. “gorging gene” theory :

   * high-calorie sweets were rare, food was in short supply.
   * influence: people gorge on(= binge on) high-calorie food（sweet, greasiest） that is doing little good to their bodies.

5. aquarian age（age of aquarian）:refer to hippie(嬉皮士) and New Age movements(新纪元运动)

6. “ancient commune” theory:

   * ancient foraging bands were not composed of nuclear families which is centered on monogamous couples. (wiki: A nuclear family or elementary family is a family group consisting of a pair of adults and their children. This is in contrast to a single-parent family, to the larger extended family, and to a family with more than two parents.)
   * foragers lived in communes devoid of private property, monogamous relationships, and even fatherhood.
   * partible paternity
   * influence: a) the frequent infidelities that characterize modern marriges. b) the high rates of divorce……

7. “eternal monogamy” theory:

   * they were nevertheless comprised of separate cells, each containing a jealous couple and the children they held in common.
   * influence：a) monogamous relationship and nuclear families are the norm in the vast majority of cultures. b) today men and women tend to be very possessive of their partners and children.

8. The world on the eve of the Agricultural Revolution were divided into thousands of separate tribes with thousands of different languages and cultures, this, after all, was one of the main legacies of the Cognitive Revolution.

9. Ever since the Cognitive Revolution, there hasn’t been a single natural way of life for Sapiens. There are only cultural choices, from among a bewildering palette of possibilities.

1.11 The Original Affluent Society

• Word List:

Word	Interpretation
agricultural	a.农业的
domesticated	a.家养的
simultaneously	adv.同时地
manipulate	v.操纵
trademarks	n.特征
sporadic	a.偶尔发生的
turf	n.领地
calamity	n.灾难
demographic	a.人口的
initiative	n.首创精神 → 倡议
all the same	尽管如此
it stands to reason that	显然
it seems safe to say that	可以确定的是
elastic	n. /a. 橡皮圈 有弹性的
scrounged	v.搜寻
termite	n.白蚁
berry	n.浆果
bison	n.野牛
mammoth	n.猛犸象
notwithstanding	prep.虽然
flint	n.燧石
nourishing	a.有营养的
vicinity	n.附近地区，临近
avalanche	n. /v.雪崩
apprentice	n.学徒
apprenticeship	n.学徒期
basalt	n.玄武岩
foliage	n.叶子（总称）
beehive	n.蜂窝
agile	a.灵活的
mortality	n.死亡率
scourges	n.灾难 v.痛斥
slain	v.（slay过去式）杀死
shun	v.避开
domineering	z.盛气凌人的
beware of	当心，提防
be aware of	意识到
demonizing	妖魔化
superficial	a.肤浅的，表面的
acquaintance	n.熟人

1. The dog was the first animal domesticated by Homo sapiens, and this occurred before the Agricultural Revolution.

   

2. Before the Agricultural Revolution, the human population of the entire planet was smaller than that of today’s Cairo(开罗).

3. Occasionally, bands wandered outside their turf and explored new lands, whether due to natural calamities, violent conflicts, demographic pressure, or the initiative of a charismatic leader. This wanderings were the engine of human worldwide expansion.

4. The average forager had wider, deeper, and more varied knowledge of her immediate surroundings than most of her modern descendants.

5. The human collective knows far more today than did the ancient bands.

6. Ancient foragers also suffered less from infectious diseases.

   * Ancient foragers, had domesticated only dogs which were free of these scourges.
   * people in agricultural and industrial societies lived in dense, unhygienic permanent settlements --— ideal hotbeds for disease.

7. The wholesome and varied diet, the relatively short working week, and the rarity of infectious diseases.

8. We should beware of demonizing or idealizing it on the basis of a superficial acquaintance.