lamp
文章目录
1. lamp简介
所谓lamp，其实就是由Linux+Apache+Mysql/MariaDB+Php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件，除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序，但是因为经常被放在一起使用，拥有了越来越高的兼容度，共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。
LAMP指的是Linux（操作系统）、Apache（HTTP服务器）、MySQL（也指MariaDB，数据库软件）和PHP（有时也是指Perl或Python）的第一个字母，一般用来建立web应用平台。
2. web服务器工作流程
在说lamp架构平台的搭建前，我们先来了解下什么是CGI，什么是FastCGI，什么是…
web服务器的资源分为两种，静态资源和动态资源
静态资源就是指静态内容，客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
动态资源则通常是程序文件，需要在服务器执行之后，将执行的结果返回给客户端
那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢？下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求
如上图所示
阶段①显示的是httpd服务器（即apache）和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信，且php作为独立的服务进程运行
阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系，但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互
2.1 cgi与fastcgi
上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI，下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI。
CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口），CGI是外部应用程序（CGI程序）与WEB服务器之间的接口标准，是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序，并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器，CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。
FastCGI（Fast Common Gateway Interface）是CGI的改良版，CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求，耗时且耗资源，而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求，即启动一个master主进程，然后根据配置启动几个worker进程，当请求进来时，master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求，这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时
2.2 httpd与php结合的方式
httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种：
modules：php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在，需要加载动态资源时，httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
httpd prefork：libphp5.so（多进程模型的php）
httpd event or worker：libphp5-zts.so（线程模型的php）
CGI：httpd需要加载动态资源时，通过CGI与php解释器联系，获得php执行的结果，此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
FastCGI：利用php-fpm机制，启动为服务进程，php自行运行为一个服务，https通过socket与php通信
较于CGI方式，FastCGI更为常用，很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源
2.3 web工作流程
通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程：
- 客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
- web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
- 若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
- 否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系，通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源，并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器，httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时，由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互，取之而后返回给httpd，httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端
3. lamp平台构建
环境说明：
| 系统平台 | IP | 需要安装的服务 |
|---|---|---|
| centos7, redhat7 |
192.168.234.11 | httpd-2.4 mysql-5.7 php php-mysql |
lamp平台软件安装次序：
httpd --> mysql --> php
注意：php要求httpd使用prefork MPM
3.1 安装httpd
//安装开发工具包
[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/
mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[[email protected] ~]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools'
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Repodata is over 2 weeks old. Install yum-cron? Or run: yum makecache fast
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Marked install: Development Tools
//创建apache服务的用户和组
[[email protected] ~]# groupadd -r apache
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin -g apache apache
//安装依赖包
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool bzip2
libkadm5.x86_64 0:1.15.1-8.el7 libmpc.x86_64 0:1.0.1-3.el7
libselinux-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-11.el7 libsepol-devel.x86_64 0:2.5-6.el7
libverto-devel.x86_64 0:0.2.5-4.el7 m4.x86_64 0:1.4.16-10.el7
mpfr.x86_64 0:3.1.1-4.el7 perl-Data-Dumper.x86_64 0:2.145-3.el7
perl-Test-Harness.noarch 0:3.28-3.el7 perl-Thread-Queue.noarch 0:3.02-2.el7
zlib-devel.x86_64 0:1.2.7-17.el7
Complete!
[[email protected] ~]#
//httpd源码包下载地址：
http://mirrors.shu.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2
http://mirrors.shu.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
http://mirrors.shu.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
//我的电脑上没有网所以用本地的源码包安装
[[email protected] src]# ll
total 8124
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 855393 May 14 02:33 apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 428595 May 14 02:33 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 debug
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7030539 May 14 02:33 httpd-2.4.39.tar.bz2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Mar 10 2016 kernels
[[email protected] src]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
[[email protected] src]# tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.bz2
[[email protected] src]# tar xf httpd-2.4.39.tar.bz2
[[email protected] src]# cd apr-1.6.5
[[email protected] apr-1.6.5]# vim configure
cfgfile=${ofile}T
trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15
$RM "$cfgfile" //删除或注释这一行
[[email protected] apr-1.6.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[[email protected] apr-1.6.5]# make && make install
//配置安装过程略
[[email protected] apr-1.6.5]# cd /usr/src/apr-util-1.6.1
[[email protected] apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[[email protected] apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
//配置安装过程略
[[email protected] apr-util-1.6.1]# cd /usr/src/httpd-2.4.39
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.39]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
--sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
--enable-so \
--enable-ssl \
--enable-cgi \
--enable-rewrite \
--with-zlib \
--with-pcre \
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
--enable-modules=most \
--enable-mpms-shared=all \
--with-mpm=prefork
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.39]# make && make install
//配置安装过程略
//安装后配置
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.39]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.39]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.39]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.39]# echo 'MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man' >> /etc/man.config
//取消ServerName前面的注释
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.39]# sed -i '/#ServerName/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//启动apache
[[email protected] ~]# apachectl start
[[email protected] ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
3.2 安装mysql
//安装依赖包
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel
Installed:
cmake.x86_64 0:2.8.12.2-2.el7 mariadb-devel.x86_64 1:5.5.56-2.el7
ncurses-devel.x86_64 0:5.9-13.20130511.el7
Dependency Installed:
libarchive.x86_64 0:3.1.2-10.el7_2
//创建用户和组
[[email protected] ~]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql
//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[[email protected] ~]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
//解压软件至/usr/local/
[[email protected] ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/local/
[[email protected] local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’
//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[[email protected] local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
[[email protected] local]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 May 14 02:57 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.25-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
//添加环境变量
[[email protected] local]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[[email protected] local]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[[email protected] local]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/apache/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
//建立数据存放目录
[[email protected] local]# mkdir /opt/data
[[email protected] local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[[email protected] local]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 May 14 03:02 data
//初始化数据库
[[email protected] local]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2019-05-13T19:03:01.425453Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-05-13T19:03:02.038715Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-05-13T19:03:02.122391Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-05-13T19:03:02.259034Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: bb3e3cf9-75b1-11e9-8454-000c29e933fb.
2019-05-13T19:03:02.289159Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2019-05-13T19:03:02.290066Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for [email protected]: I&Gwn:*E1t)
//配置mysql
[[email protected] local]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql
‘/usr/local/include/mysql’ -> ‘/usr/local/mysql/include/’
[[email protected] local]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[[email protected] local]# ldconfig -v
libmenuw.so.5 -> libmenuw.so.5.9
libgcc_s.so.1 -> libgcc_s-4.8.5-20150702.so.1
libdb-5.3.so -> libdb-5.3.so
libutil.so.1 -> libutil-2.17.so
/lib/sse2: (hwcap: 0x0000000004000000)
/lib64/sse2: (hwcap: 0x0000000004000000)
/lib64/tls: (hwcap: 0x8000000000000000)
[[email protected] local]# ldconfig -p |grep mysql
libmysqlclient.so.20 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so.20
libmysqlclient.so.18 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so.18
libmysqlclient.so (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so
libmysqlclient.so (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so
//生成配置文件
[[email protected] local]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
EOF
//配置服务启动脚本
[[email protected] local]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[[email protected] local]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[[email protected] local]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
//启动mysql
[[email protected] local]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/wyz.err'.
SUCCESS!
[[email protected] local]# ss -antl
//修改密码
//使用临时密码登录
[[email protected] local]# mysql -uroot -p'I&Gwn:*E1t)'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.25 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
//设置新密码
mysql> set password = password('wyz123!');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
3.3 安装php
//配置yum源
[[email protected] local]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's/\$releasever/7/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# sed -i 's/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum -y install epel-release
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm
//安装过程略。。。。
//安装依赖包
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel libpcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php72w-mysqlnd
下载过程略....
//下载编译安装php
[[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/src/
[[email protected] src]# wget http://cn.php.net/distributions/php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[[email protected] src]# tar xf php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[[email protected] src]# cd php-7.2.8
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]#./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7 \
--with-config-file-path=/etc \
--enable-fpm \
--enable-inline-optimization \
--disable-debug \
--disable-rpath \
--enable-shared \
--enable-soap \
--with-openssl \
--enable-bcmath \
--with-iconv \
--with-bz2 \
--enable-calendar \
--with-curl \
--enable-exif \
--enable-ftp \
--with-gd \
--with-jpeg-dir \
--with-png-dir \
--with-zlib-dir \
--with-freetype-dir \
--with-gettext \
--enable-json \
--enable-mbstring \
--enable-pdo \
--with-mysqli=mysqlnd \
--with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd \
--with-readline \
--enable-shmop \
--enable-simplexml \
--enable-sockets \
--enable-zip \
--enable-mysqlnd-compression-support \
--with-pear \
--enable-pcntl \
--enable-posix
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# make -j $(cat /proc/cpuinfo |grep processor|wc -l)
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# make install
//配置php-fpm
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
cp: overwrite ‘/etc/php.ini’?
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
//配置fpm的相关选项为你所需要的值：
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# vim /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 5
pm.min_spare_servers = 2
pm.max_spare_servers = 8
//启动php-fpm
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# service php-fpm start
Starting php-fpm done
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
3.4 配置apache
3.4.1 启用代理模块
在apache httpd 2.4以后已经专门有一个模块针对FastCGI的实现，此模块为mod_proxy_fcgi.so，它其实是作为mod_proxy.so模块的扩展，因此，这两个模块都要加载，编辑httpd.conf文件，取消以下两行内容的注释:
- LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
- LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i '/proxy_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i '/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
3.4.2 配置虚拟主机
在需要使用fcgi的虚拟主机中添加类似如下两行：
ProxyRequests Off //关闭正向代理
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/PATH/TO/DOCUMENT_ROOT/$1
例如：
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wyz.com/$1
以上设置表示把以.php结尾的文件请求发送到php-fpm进程，php-fpm至少需要知道运行的目录和URI，所以这里直接在fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000后指明了这两个参数，其它参数的传递已经被mod_proxy_fcgi.so进行了封装，不需要手动指定。
注意：
这里写的/var/www/html/是yum源安装方式生成的网页存放目录，这里必须改成你编译安装指定的网页存放路径，禁止直接复制我这里的路径
这里的idfsoft.com是域名，你必须改成你所使用的域名，禁止直接复制此处的域名
这里的$1表示匹配所有以.php结尾的http请求
//创建虚拟主机目录并生成php测试页面
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /usr/local/apache/htdocs/wyz.com
[[email protected] ~]# cat > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/wyz.com/index.php <<EOF
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
EOF
[[email protected] ~]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[[email protected] ~]# ll /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ -d
drwxr-xr-x. 3 apache apache 39 May 14 05:36 /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php //添加项
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps //添加项
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wyz.com"
ServerName www.wyz.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wyz.com/$1
<Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/wyz.com">
Options none
AllowOverride none
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
//重启apache服务
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i '/ DirectoryIndex/s/index.html/index.php index.html/g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[[email protected] ~]# apachectl stop
[[email protected] ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
[[email protected] ~]# apachectl start
[[email protected] ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
3.5 验证
1.修改/etc/hosts文件，添加域名与IP的映射
2.在浏览器上使用域名访问，若看到以下界面则表示lamp架构搭建成功，否则请检查你的操作