英语常考知识点汇总笔记
There be 的非谓语形式有两种，即there to be 和there being。
1、作主语
当作主语时，一般是There being结构，当句式中有for时，一般用there to be。
1）There being a shop here is a great advantage. 这儿有个商店，真是方便极了。
2）It is impossible for there to be any more. 不可能再有了。
2、作宾语
如果是动词宾语，要看这个动词，我们学过有些动词后面只能接动名词，比如mind, enjoy, appreciate等词后面是必须加doing的形式的；而这些动词同样适用于there being, 不能用there to be.
有些动词只能接不定式的，如want, hope, would like等，后面就接there to be。常见动词有：expect, mean, intend want, prefer等：
There being nothing to do, we went home. 因为没有什么事要办，我们就回家了。
也就是说，这里的there being短语用来作为句子的状语，是属于独立主格结构。There being构成独立主格结构，常用作原因状语。
1）We expect there to be no argument.
2） Would you like there to be a picture on the wall?
你喜欢墙壁上挂一张画吗？
3）We don't want there to be any comrade lagging behind.
我们不希望有一个同志掉队。
4）I don't want there to be any misunderstanding between us .
我不希望我们之间有什么误会。
注意：
作介词的宾语一般用There being句式，但当在for后时一般用there to be句式。
1）This depended on there being a sudden change.
这需要有一个突然的改变。
2）The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence.
老师在等着大家都安静下来。
3）They planned on there being another meeting.
他们打算再开一次会。
4）There is now some hope of there being a settlement of the dispute.
现在还有点希望可以解决这次争端。
3、 作状语
用作状语的there be的形式通常用there being结构。
1）There being no buses, we had to walk home.
由于没有公共汽车，我们不得不走着回家。
2）There being no nobody in the room, we realized that there was no use crying. 屋里没人，我们意识到哭喊是没有用的。
都是虚拟 ： should have done是主动,应该做而没做；should have been done是被动,应该被做而没被做.
eg：You should have told me yesterday that you had changed your mind. 你昨天应该告诉我你改变主意了.（实际上没有告诉）
Your work should have been done before you went home. 你的工作应该在你回家之前（被）做完.（实际上没被做完）
Not having been discovered,many laws of nature actually exist.
Not having been discovered 分词做让步状语,虽然没有被发现,很多自然法则实际是存在的.
be in no mood to do sth./for doing sth.或者是be not in the mood .没有心情做某事
eg.I'm in no mood to go out./for going out.
I have been dealing with that company for several years. 我和那家公司打了几年交道。
His sister was full of admiration for the way in which he had so quickly learned to drive a car .
他妹妹对他这么快学会开车的方式充满钦佩。
This student was expelled from school beacuse he had forged some documnts for overseas study .
这个学生因为伪造了一些出国留学文件而被学校开除了。
The shop-owner took a loaf of crisp - crusted bread and handed it to the child .
店主拿了一条脆面包递给孩子。
at will 英 [æt wil] 美 [æt wɪl] 任意，随意;信
under way 英 [ˈʌndə wei] 美 [ˈʌndɚ we] 正在进行中 已经开始并进行着;启航
It is in your best interest to quit smoking , for you have some breathing problems .
戒烟对你最有利，因为你有呼吸问题。
at the time 英 [æt ðə taim] 美 [æt ði taɪm] 当时;在那时， 在那段时间;旋
He __might have chosen ____ another career but, at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend graduate school.
他可能选择了另一个职业，但当时他没有足够的钱上研究生院。
Not having received a reply , he decided to write again.
Not having received a reply是这个句子的独立主格结构.
可以换成一个原因状语从句：Because he hasn't received a reply真正的主句是后面的he decided to write again.
as…as的意思
与…一样; 与……一样;
as…as的用法
1. 基本用法
中间只能用形容词或副词的原级，不能用比较级或最高级。如果在第二个as之后使用独立的人称代词，一般说来用主格(较正式)或宾格(非正式)均可。如：
He’s as old as she [her]. 他年纪跟她一样大。
但是，若第二个as之后的人称代词跟有谓语动词，则该人称代词只能用主格。如：
He is as old as she is.
但是有时用主格或宾格含义差别很大：
You love him as much as I (=as I love him). 你爱他像我爱他一样。
You love him as much as me (=as you love me). 你爱他像爱我一样。
2. 用于否定句
在肯定句中用as…as, 在否定句中用not as…as或not so…as 均可。如：
He doesn’t study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。
3. 关于比较对象
使用该结构要注意比较对象的一致性，即比较的双方必须是可以比较的同类人或物，否则会出错。如：
你的房间与我的一样大。
正：Your room is as large as mine
误：Your room is as large as me.
4. 涉及数量或程度
如果涉及数量或程度可用：as much+ (不可数名词+) as / as many+ (可数名词复数+) as。如：
You must speak English as much as possible. 你必须尽可能地多说英语。
You’ve made as many mistakes as I have. 你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。
5. 注意下列结构的词序
她和她妈妈一样是位好厨师。
正：She is a cook as good as her mother.
正：She is as good a cook as her mother.
误：She is as a good cook as her mother.(www.yygrammar.com)
6. 关于修饰语
修饰as…as结构的常见词语有nearly, almost, just, exactly, half, quite, twice, three times等，请注意这些修饰语都只能放在as…as 结构之前 (而不能置于其中或其后。如：
I earn half as much as you do. 我只赚你的一半钱。
This rope is twice as long as that one. 这根绳子比那根长一倍。
7. 省略用法
as…as结构在一定的上下文中可以用其省略结构(即省去其中的一个 as)。如：
She’s clever, but her brother is just as clever. 她很聪明，但她兄弟也一样聪明。
The woman married a man poor as herself. 这个女人嫁给了一个与她一样穷的男人。
关于as...as的常见句型
(1)as...as possible
Please answer my question as soon as possible.请尽快回答我的问题.
(2)as...as usual/before
She looks as pretty as before.她看起来和以前一样漂亮.
(3)as long as...(引导条件状语从句)
It took us as long as three years to carry out the plan.我们花了长达三年的时间才完成这项计划.
(4)as far as
He walked as far as the railway station yesterday evening.昨天傍晚,他一直散步到火车站.
(5)as well as
She cooks as well as her mother does.她烧菜烧得跟她母亲一样好.
一些带有as...as结构的常见短语归纳：
as busy as a bee像蜜蜂一样忙碌
as easy as ABC像ABC一样容易
as deep as a well像井一样深
as light as a feather像羽毛一样轻
as soft as butter像黄油一样软
as rich as a Jew像犹太人一样富裕
倍数的表达方式，1. 倍数+ as + 原级 + as
She has read twice as many books as I do.
她读的书比我多两倍
The water in this glass is five times as much as that in that one.
这个玻璃杯里面的水是那个玻璃杯里面的水的五倍
2. 倍数 + 比较级 + than
The lecture hall is six times bigger than our classroom.
授课厅比我们的教室大六倍
3. 倍数 + the size/width/length 等 + of + 其他
The earth is 50 times the size of the moon.
地球是月球尺寸的50倍
The newly-built school is four times the size of the previous one.
新校区是老校区的4倍大。
This square is twice the width of that one over there.
这个广场是那个广场的五倍宽。
4. 倍数 + what从句
The production of grain is now three times what it was ten years ago.
现在这种谷物的产量是10年前的三倍。
The width of the playground is five times what it was three years ago.
操场的宽度是10年前的5倍。
5. 计量名词 + of +名词 + be + 倍数 + that of +名词
The size of the sun is a million times over that of the earth.
太阳的尺寸是地球的一百万倍。
The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.
中国的人口数量比日本多。
if 引导的虚拟语气。
上面是if 引导的虚拟语气。除了if 还有另外几种常考的虚拟语气。
wish和hope的区别主要为：
1、hope v. 希望，期望。指盼望得到好的或有利的结果，并对此持有一定的信心。
（1）I hope to become a useful man.我希望成为一个有用的人。
（2）We hope that we can visit the United States this year.我们希望年内能访问美国。
（3）Everyone hopes for success.每个人都希望成功。
2、wish v. 希望，多用于与事实相反的情况，尤用于难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
（1）I wish I were as young as you.我要是像你们那么年轻该多好啊！
（2）I wish (that) I had met that good teacher 10 years ago.我要是10年前遇到那么好的老师就好了。
（3）It was no use wishing for a miracle.只是盼望出现奇迹没什么用。
On one ‘ s guard 警惕、提防