地形图绘制
作者简介
勾蒙蒙，R语言资深爱好者。
个人公众号： R语言及生态系统服务。
前文传送门：
在写论文或者是做学术PPT的时候，多数人都倾向于将科研图片做出不一样的效果，集“高大上”于一体，一方面能给受众以视觉冲击，另一方面漂亮的图片确实会给你的论文或者PPT增色，即使是最简单的样地地形数据图。
下图是我从一些论文上看到的关于样地地形情况或者采样点情况的介绍图，其实像实现这些图并不难，在ArcGis中当然能够实现，但有些许的复杂，本文着重对样地地形图在R语言中的实践加以详细介绍，以供大家互相交流学习！
##加载程序包
install.packages("sp")
library(sp)
##生成样方中心店海拔数据
XY<-expand.grid(x=seq(0,90,10),y=seq(0,90,10))
setwd("C:/Users/lx/Desktop")
Elevation<-read.csv("Elevation.csv")
Data<-cbind(XY,Elevation)
##排序
newdata<-Data[order(Data$x,-Data$y),]
##数据转化为矩阵
newdata1<-matrix(newdata$Elevation,ncol=10,nrow=10,byrow =FALSE)
一、简单的点图
par(mar=c(4,4,2,2))
coordinates(Data)<-c("x","y") ##设定坐标
plot(Data,xlab="横坐标",ylab="纵坐标")
axis(1,at=seq(0,100,10),labels=seq(0,100,10),line=0,tick=F)
axis(2,at=seq(0,100,10),labels=seq(0,100,10),line=0,tick=F)
box(lwd=2,col="red")
##生成点图
spplot(Data,"Elevation")
二、简单的面图
##矩阵图
install.packages("psych")
library(psych)
label<-seq(0,90,10)
cor.plot(newdata1,number=TRUE,show.legend=TRUE,zlim=c(70,130),labels=label,n.legend=5)#n.legend设置图例显示的级别
三、使用plot3D绘图
install.packages("plot3D")
library(plot3D)
##2D图
par(mfrow = c(3, 3), mar = c(3, 3, 3, 2))
contour2D(newdata1, lwd = 2, colkey = FALSE)#colkey设置图例TRUE/FALSE
contour2D(newdata1, lwd = 2)#colkey默认显示图例
image2D(newdata1, clab = "m")#clab设置图例的名称
image2D(newdata1, shade = 0.4)#shade设置阴影程度
image2D(newdata1, facets = FALSE)#facets设置每个小块是否填充颜色
image2D(newdata1, contour = TRUE)#contour在图中添加等高线
image2D(newdata1, rasterImage = TRUE, contour = list(lwd = 2, col = jet.col(11)))#设置等高线颜色
image2D(newdata1, theta = 30, NAcol = "black")#theta设置图形方位；NAcol设置空值的颜色，在image2D中其默认颜色为白色，在contour2D中默认为无色
image2D(newdata1, lighting = TRUE, rasterImage = TRUE,contour = list(col = "white", labcex = 0.8, lwd = 3, alpha = 0.5))#lighting设置图形被照亮的效果；rasterImage为TRUE，则会显示为栅格模式
##3D图
par(mfrow = c(3, 3), mar = c(2, 2, 2, 2))
persp(newdata1,expand=0.25)
persp(newdata1, theta = 40, phi = 40, col = "gold", border = NA, shade = 0.5,expand=0.25)#expand调整膨胀率;border设置表面线条颜色，默认为NULL，若为NA，则表面线条的绘制命令失效，
persp3D(z = newdata1, clab = "m",expand=0.25,border = NULL)
persp3D(z = newdata1, clab = "m", shade = 0.2,expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, facets = FALSE,expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, facets = FALSE, curtain = TRUE,expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "white", shade = 0.5,expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = ramp.col(c("white", "black")), border = "red",expand=0.25)#border设置表面线条颜色，col设置表面的填充颜色
persp3D(z = newdata1, facets = FALSE, col = "darkblue",expand=0.25)
##背景和坐标轴设置
par(mfrow = c(3, 3), mar = c(1, 1, 1, 1))
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5,expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5, box = FALSE,expand=0.25)#box = FALSE边框去除
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5, ticktype = "detailed",expand=0.25)#ticktype设置坐标轴刻度,如为sample则只用箭头表示增加的方向，如第一个小图，如为detailed则跟2D图一样绘制对应的刻度
##bty介绍：f：显示全部边框；"b"：一般默认，只显示背面；"b2"：背面和网格线都显示；"g"：灰色背景白色的网格线；"bl"：黑色的背景；"bl2"黑色的背景灰色的网格线;"n"：不显示背景也不显示网格线；"u"：自己可以设置背景和网格线
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5, bty = "f",expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5, bty = "b2",expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5, bty = "g",expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5, bty = "bl",expand=0.25)
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5, bty = "u",col.panel = "yellow", col.grid = "grey",,expand=0.25)#col.panel设置背景颜色；col.grid设置网格线颜色
persp3D(z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", shade = 0.5,ticktype = "detailed", bty = "b2",,expand=0.25)
##调整视图和角度
par(mfrow = c(3, 2), mar = c(1, 1, 1, 1))
x <- 1:nrow(newdata1)
y <- 1:ncol(newdata1)
persp3D(x,y, z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", scale = FALSE,shade = 1, expand =0.05)#scale决定是否归一化
persp3D(x, y , z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", scale = FALSE,shade = 0.5, expand = 0.05, d =0.8)#d值调整透视的强度，d大于1将减少透视效果，小于1增强透视效果
persp3D(x, y , z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", scale = FALSE,shade = 0.5, expand = 0.05, r =10)#r值调整观察点到图中心点距离，很显然距离越远就越接近轴测图,距离越近透视效果越强烈
persp3D(x, y , z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", scale = FALSE,shade = 0.5, expand = 0.05, theta = 10,phi=-20)#定义视角的角度theta为方位,phi为角度
persp3D(x, y , z = newdata1, col = "lightblue", scale = FALSE,shade = 0.5, expand = 0.05, ltheta = 10,lphi=90)#如果ltheta和lphi为特定值，则图的表面被亮光着色，即在theta方位，phi角度上打光的效果
##绘制彩带图及直方图
par(mfrow = c(2, 2), mar = c(2, 2, 2, 2))
ix <- seq(1, nrow(newdata1), length.out = 20)
iy <- seq(1, ncol(newdata1), length.out = 20)
ribbon3D(z = newdata1[, iy],expand=0.25)#沿着列的彩带
ribbon3D(z = newdata1[ix, ], along = "y",curtain = TRUE, space = 0.9, shade =0.3,expand=0.25)#space设置间隔，其范围为0.1-0.9;
ribbon3D(z = newdata1[ix, iy], along = "xy",expand=0.25)#xy交织的彩带
hist3D(z = newdata1[ix,iy], shade = 0.1,expand=0.8)#直方图
#colkey设置
par(mfrow = c(2, 2), mar = c(2, 2, 2, 2))
persp3D(z = newdata1, log = "c", clab = c("m (Elevation)"),expand=0.2)#clab设置图例的名称
persp3D(z = newdata1, clab ="m",colkey = list(side = 4, length = 1, width = 0.5, cex.axis = 2),expand=0.2)#side设置放置位置（1234对应下左上右）；length设置长度,width设置宽度；cex.axis设置标签的大小
persp3D(z = newdata1, clab = c("height", "m"),colkey = list(length = 0.5, shift = -0.1),expand=0.2)
par(mar = c(4, 4, 2, 2))
image2D(z = newdata1, clab = "height, m",colkey = list(dist = -0.20, shift = 0.15,side = 3, length = 0.5, width = 0.5,cex.clab = 1.2, col.clab = "white", line.clab = 2,col.axis = "white", col.ticks = "white", cex.axis = 0.8))
##组合persp3D\image\contour
par(mfrow = c(2, 2), mar = c(2, 2, 2, 2))
ribbon3D(z = newdata1, zlim = c(-100, 200), image = TRUE)#彩带图+2D图
persp3D(z = newdata1, zlim = c(-100, 200), contour = TRUE)#3D图+地形图
persp3D(z = newdata1, zlim= c(-200, 200), phi = 30,contour = list(nlevels = 20, col = "red"),image = list(col = grey (seq(0, 1, length.out = 100))))#大满贯：3D图+2D图+地形图
persp3D(z = newdata1, contour = list(side = c("zmax", "z")), zlim= c(90, 300),
phi = 30, theta = 20, d = 10, box = FALSE)#3D图+地形图，地形图的位置2个，side设置地形图的位置，即side在Elevetion这一列滑动的位置
##更复杂的多图组合
x<-1:nrow(newdata1)
y<-1:ncol(newdata1)
#首先设置一个3D图，设置contour在3D图的下面
persp3D(x,y,z=newdata1,theta=10,phi=20,expand=0.01,box=FALSE,scale=FALSE,contour=TRUE,zlim=c(-100,200),clim=range(newdata1),plot=TRUE)
#在Elevation=100的地方添加一个2D图
image3D( x, y, z = 100, add = TRUE, clim = range(newdata1),colvar = newdata1, colkey = FALSE, facets = NA,plot=TRUE)
#3D地形图的添加
contour3D(x, y, z = 100,add = TRUE, clim = range(volcano), lwd = 3,colvar = newdata1, colkey = FALSE,plot=TRUE)
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