Mobile health technology is a powerful tool for improving patient health. Convenient and widely available, it can allow patients and clinicians to monitor health status, diagnose medical conditions, and deliver just-in-time interventions.

移动医疗技术是改善患者健康的强大工具。 它方便且广泛可用，可以使患者和临床医生监视健康状况，诊断医疗状况并提供及时的干预措施。

Now, more than ever, mobile health is recognized as vital for supporting patient self-management. However, there is limited uptake and continuous use of these technologies, despite the widely recognized benefits. Why is this the case?

现在，人们比以往任何时候都更加了解移动医疗对于支持患者自我管理至关重要。 但是，尽管获得了广泛认可的好处，但是对这些技术的吸收和持续使用仍然有限。 为什么会这样呢？

The end-user experience has to be front and center when developing mobile health applications. In many cases the end-user is the patient, the nurse, or both.

在开发移动健康应用程序时，最终用户的体验必须成为中心。 在许多情况下，最终用户是患者，护士或两者。

Ultimately, the decision to engage with a new technology is a behavior.

最终，决定采用新技术是一种行为。

How do you motivate the behavior of engaging with your technology?

您如何激发与技术互动的行为？

If you are not carefully considering why and how the end-user would interact with your technology and involving them in the development process, then you are setting yourself up for failure.

如果您没有仔细考虑最终用户为什么以及如何与您的技术进行交互并使他们参与开发过程，那么您就要为失败做好准备。

最终用户参与度：三个关键要素。 (End-user engagement: Three key ingredients.)

Studies show that theory-driven interventions are more effective than atheoretical interventions. Yet, literature reviews on mobile health intervention usage in adherence and disease management have found limited use of theory as a basis for mobile health interventions. Human behavior and decision making is complex, but theories can help you focus on factors that have the most impact.

研究表明，理论驱动的干预比理论干预更有效 。 然而， 有关在依从性和疾病管理中使用移动健康干预措施的文献评论发现，理论作为移动健康干预措施的基础的使用有限 。 人类的行为和决策很复杂，但是理论可以帮助您专注于影响最大的因素。

In my own practice, I find it useful to blend the Fogg Behavior Model with Social Determination Theory. The Fogg Behavior Model essentially states that in order for behaviors to occur, you need ability, triggers, and motivation.

在我自己的实践中，我发现将Fogg行为模型与社会确定理论相结合是有用的。 Fogg行为模型从本质上说，要使行为发生，您需要能力，触发因素和动力。

能力 (Ability)

Absolutely true or not, the phrase “humans are fundamentally lazy” can be a helpful phrase to consider when developing systems for behavior change. You want to make it as easy as possible to access, understand, and engage with.

绝对正确与否，在开发行为改变系统时，“人从根本上是懒惰的”是一个有用的短语。 您想使其尽可能容易地访问，理解和参与。

Questions to consider:

要考虑的问题：

• Does your end-user have enough time to use and understand your technology?

  最终用户是否有足够的时间使用和了解您的技术？

• Does your end-user have the financial resources to use your technology?

  您的最终用户是否有使用该技术的财务资源 ？

• Have you made your technology easy to understand?

  您使技术易于理解了吗？

• Is using your technology socially-acceptable?

  使用您的技术是否在社会上可以接受 ？

• How much physical effort is required to use your technology? Less is better.

  使用您的技术需要多少体力 ？ 越少越好。

• To what extent does your technology integrate with existing routines? The more you can integrate with existing routines, the better, as it will be perceived as less complex and therefore more likely to be adopted.

  您的技术与现有例程的集成程度如何？ 您可以与现有例程集成的越多，越好，因为它会被认为不那么复杂，因此更可能被采用。

扳机 (Triggers)

By triggers, I basically mean reminders. Life is complicated, remembering is hard. Make it easier for people. Triggers can be extrinsic, like alarms, text messages, or advertising. Triggers can also be intrinsic, like feeling hungry triggers you to browse your refrigerator or feeling isolated may trigger you to reach for your social media page.

通过触发器，我基本上是指提醒。 生活很复杂，记忆很难。 使人们更容易。 触发器可以是外部触发器，例如警报，短信或广告。 触发因素也可能是内在的，例如感到饥饿会触发您浏览冰箱，或者感到孤独可能会触发您访问社交媒体页面 。

Timing is an important component of triggers. If you want to remind a patient to take their morning medication, it’s probably best to do so in the morning rather than in the afternoon. Reminding someone to pack their gym clothes at home is better than reminding them when they are at the office or on their way to the gym.

定时是触发器的重要组成部分。 如果您想提醒患者早上服用药物，最好是在早晨而不是在下午服用。 提醒某人在家收拾健身房的衣服要比提醒他们在办公室或去健身房的路上要好。

Of course, you also want to be mindful of how frequently you are reminding people to engage. Too frequently reminding people often backfires and causes people to ignore you completely. If you aren’t familiar with the concept of alarm-fatigue and how to avoid it, then consider that your homework.

当然，您还需要注意提醒人们参与的频率。 过于频繁地提醒人们常常适得其反，并导致人们完全无视您。 如果您不熟悉警报疲劳的概念以及如何避免它，那么请考虑一下您的作业。

Questions to consider:

要考虑的问题：

• How am I triggering engagement?
  我如何触发参与度？
• What is the right frequency of triggers?
  触发的正确频率是多少？
• Am I providing triggers that are actionable and useful?
  我是否提供可行且有用的触发器？

动机 (Motivation)

So, the Fogg Behavior Model outlines motivation as an important component of engagement but doesn’t delve too much into the specifics. This is where I like to apply Social Determination Theory (SDT).

因此，“福格行为模型”将动机概述为参与的重要组成部分，但并没有过多地研究细节。 这是我喜欢应用社会决定论(SDT)的地方。

According to Self-Determination Theory, people have three innate universal psychological needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence. If you want people to engage with mobile health technology you have to consider the end user’s motivation — whether that end user is a patient or a clinician. How does it tap into their psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness?

根据自决理论 ，人们具有三个固有的普遍心理需求：自治，亲和力和能力。 如果您希望人们使用移动医疗技术，则必须考虑最终用户的动机-最终用户是患者还是临床医生。 它如何满足他们对自治，能力和亲密关系的心理需求？

For a person to be motivated to engage in a behavior or to adopt a belief, it must relate to at least one of these needs. If your technology doesn’t then you should have a very clear reason for why.

要使一个人有动机从事某种行为或采取一种信念，就必须与这些需求中的至少一项有关。 如果您的技术没有，那么您应该有一个非常清楚的原因。

Autonomy & Competence. Autonomy refers to being able to make choices and act accordingly. Competence refers to a person’s ability to successfully navigate challenges in daily life.

自治与能力。 自治是指能够做出选择并采取相应行动。 能力是指一个人在日常生活中成功应对挑战的能力。

Not only does this need to be considered during development, but also when branding and communicating your technology’s value to the user.

不仅在开发过程中需要考虑这一点，而且在向用户进行品牌宣传和传播技术价值时也需要考虑这一点。

For example, instead of developing educational content, develop patient decision aids. Patient decision aids lead to better learning and health outcomes compared to traditional teaching methods. Why? Because in both design and presentation you are emphasizing the importance of being able to make well-informed decisions that align with personal values.

例如，代替开发教育内容，而开发患者决策辅助工具。 与传统的教学方法相比，患者的决策辅助手段可以带来更好的学习和健康状况。 为什么？ 因为在设计和演示中您都强调了能够做出符合个人价值观的明智决策的重要性。

Critical Questions:

关键问题：

• How will this resource allow people to exercise control over their lives in a way that aligns with their personal values?
  这种资源将如何使人们以与其个人价值观相符的方式来控制自己的生活？

• How will people know this resource allows this?

  人们如何知道此资源允许这样做？

Relatedness. Relatedness refers to the need to connect with others in one’s community. This may be the patient-clinician relationship, it may be the way patients connect with friends and family, or it may be the way patients connect with other people with similar health conditions.

相关性。 关联性是指与一个社区中的其他人建立联系的需要。 这可能是患者与临床医生之间的关系，可能是患者与朋友和家人联系的方式，也可能是患者与健康状况相似的其他人联系的方式。

Critical Questions:

关键问题：

• Who is an important part of my end-users’ community?
  谁是我的最终用户社区的重要组成部分？
• How can this platform be used to connect end-users to relate to others?
  如何使用该平台将最终用户与他人联系起来？

Technology-based health interventions are complex. Creating effective interventions requires the alignment of many component parts. They must be developed with the right purpose in mind and applied in the right context.

基于技术的健康干预措施很复杂。 建立有效的干预措施需要将许多组成部分保持一致。 必须以正确的目的为前提来开发它们，并在正确的上下文中应用它们。

Critically, you must consider the context of your end-user. How and why might they be motivated to use your technology? What is the value for them and how will you communicate that value?

至关重要的是，您必须考虑最终用户的环境。 为什么以及为什么他们会被激励使用您的技术？ 他们的价值是什么？您将如何传达这一价值？

If you desire sustained meaningful engagement with your technology, it is vital that you choose a theoretical framework for understanding motivation and behavior. It is vital that your end-users be included in the development process.

如果您希望持续有意义地参与技术开发，那么选择一个理论框架来理解动力和行为至关重要。 将最终用户纳入开发过程至关重要。