https://blog.****.net/NGUever15/article/details/88990014

SPW(3)：Introduction

typical complaints of referees

TEACHING OBJECTIVES

• To learn about the structure of Introduction
• To grasp language expressions of Introduction
• To write the Introduction section of your paper

TYPICAL COMPLAINTS OF REFEREES

引言的经典问题

• The Introduction occupies too high a proportion of the entire paper and contains too many general statements that are already widely known.
• The rationale and objectives are not defined and the whole section is completely disorganized
• it is not clear what problem the author is addressing or trying to solve and why they chose their particular methodology.
• Much of the initial part is essentially a cut and paste from the Abstract.

引言在整篇论文中所占的比例过高，并且包含了许多已广为人知的一般性陈述。
理由和目标没有定义，整个部分完全没有组织
目前尚不清楚作者正在解决或试图解决的问题以及他们选择特定方法的原因。
大部分的初始部分基本上是摘要中的剪切和粘贴。

DEFINITION

(定义。Introduction 应该包含哪些东西)

• The Introduction introduces the background information of the research.
• describes the research question,
• explains the importance of the study.
• describes the methods used in the study .
• very briefly mentions the conclusion of the paper.

引言介绍了研究的背景信息。描述了研究问题，阐述了研究的重点。介绍了研究中使用的方法，并简要介绍了论文的结论。

需要明确的是：

1. 为什么要做当前的这项工作，目的是什么？有什么意义？
2. 之前的研究者都做了些什么
3. 本文做了什么（简单的按点列出）
4. 本文实现了什么（简要陈述）

Introduction 框架示例

示例1

• something is…
• …has been show to…
• Previous studies have shown that… However,…
• In this paper, we …

示例2

• … has an extensive research literature[][], and several commercial applications []… Our - work is novel in that …
• In the research literature, …, (提及缺点)
• In this paper we describe …
• The remainder of the paper is structured as follows…

Introduction 元素

1. Research area
2. Definition
3. Previous Research
4. Limitations
5. Necessity of the research
6. Research purpose
7. Method used
8. Rationale of using the method
9. Description of the procedure
10. Contribution of this study
11. Outline of the paper

可以通过在读论文时，去比对这几部分的内容，掌握对应的写作表达。

SOME EXAMPLES

• The previous work on. has indicated that…
• Recent experiments by. have suggested. .
• it is well known that…
• Great progress has been made in the field of…
• No clear advancement has so far been seen in…
• The study mainly deals with…
• The method used in the study is…

Organization

IMRAD

Introduction

Move Analysis

Move 1 : Establish a research territory

(建立研究领域)

step 1. Claiming centrality and/or

(陈述中心性)

• the study of … has become an important aspect of…
• A central issue in … is …
• The study of languages for specific purposes has a long and varied history.
• Criticism is an important tool for stimulating change within groups.
  

step 2. Making topic generalization and/or

（话题普实化、共性化）
Lexical indicators of centrality claims中心性声明的词汇指标

• Claims of recentness/topicality:use of a time expression (recently)and present perfect tense
• Classic problem/classic issue: use of language such as well-known, important/importance, much attention, debate

step 3. Reviewing items of previous literature

（综述以前的研究）

Why review the literature?

• Citation
• Reporting verbs-verb tenses
• Organisation of review

引文
报告动词 - 动词时态
组织审查

1. Sketch out the nature of the research field,perhapsincluding an historical overview ;
2. ldentify major debates and definition of terms;
3. Establish which ideas and studies are most relevant to the study;
4. Locate gaps in the field:
5. Create a justification for the study:
6. ldentify the contribution the study will make.

1.勾勒出研究领域的本质，可能包括历史概述;
2.识别主要辩论和术语定义;
3.确定哪些想法和研究与研究最相关;
4.定位该领域的差距：
5.为研究创造理由：
6.确定研究的贡献。

in-text citation

An in-text citation is the labeling of a reference, quote, summary or paraphrase of another source, such as a book or journal article, in an academic paper.
Academic disciplines commonly follow one of three formatting styles for citations:APA style,MLA style or Chicago style.
文本引用是指在学术论文中标记其他来源（例如书籍或期刊文章）的参考，引用，摘要或释义.
学术学科通常遵循引用的三种格式样式之一：APA风格，MLA风格或芝加哥风格。

MLA vs APA vs CMS

Intergral citation vs non-intergral citation


citation- reporting varbs：
Reporting words are used to label, or report on, what the authors have done: whether they have made claims, argued a case, established findings, drawn conclusions, etc.
报告单词用于标记或报告作者所做的事情：
他们是否已提出主张，辩论案例，确定的结论，得出的结论等。

根据动词的类型，可以为了以下四类：

按功能分为以下三类：

citation - verbs tenses
Reporting verbs also require tense choices which reveal your position in terms of the research.
Consider:
Swales pointed out …
Swales has pointed out…
Swales points out…

报告动词也需要时态的选择，这些选择揭示了你在研究方面的立场。

Organisation of Literature review

• Chronological
• Thematic / Theoretical perspective (What are the major ideas /theories/questions in relation to this topic?)
• Order of importance
• Advancements
• Combined

参考文献综述的组织

• 按时间顺序排列
• 主题/理论视角（与此主题相关的主要思想/理论/问题是什么？）
• 重要性顺序
• 进步性
• 结合度

Move 2：Establish a niche

（建立研究点）
establishes the reason for the research by indicating a gap in the previous research, or raising a question about it ,or extending previous knowledge in some way.
可以通过以下方式来确定研究的原因。

• 指出先前研究中存在的差距
• 提出关于它的问题
• 以某种方式扩展先前的知识

Move 2 establishes the purpose for the study and shows that research story is not yet complete. Reader should have a good idea about what is coming.
Move 2确定了研究的目的，并表明研究内容尚未完成。
读者应该对即将发生的事情有一个好的想法。

step 1. Counter-claiming or

step 2. Indicating a gap or

step 3. Question-raising

step 4. Continuing a tradition

Move 3：Occupy the niche

（占据研究点）
词汇指示

step 1A. Outlining purposes or

step 1B. Announcing present research

step 2. Announcing principal findings

step 3. Indicating RA structure

tips for writing Introduction：

• Consult the Guide for Authors for word limit
• Set the scene
• Outline “the problem” and hypotheses
• State the research purpose
• Ensure that the literature cited is balanced, up to date and relevant
• Define any ono-standard abbreviations and jargon

写Introduction的建议

• 查阅作者指南以获取字数限制
• 设置场景
• 概述“问题”和假设
• 陈述研究目的
• 确保所引用的文献是平衡的，最新的和相关的
• 定义任何标准缩写和行话

Common Problems

• Cluttered with jargons, acronyms
• Lack of logical connections;
• Lack of full discussion on previous studies;
• Improper use of tense;
• too many citations
• Confusing sentences.

常见问题

• 杂乱无章，拼写错误
• 缺乏逻辑联系;
• 缺乏对以往研究的充分讨论;
• 时态使用不当;
• 引用太多了
• 令人困惑的句子。