科技英语语法第八周
一.科技英语语法之状语从句
1.两个句型的特殊翻译技巧
not … until…
- The machine will not work until it receives a signal.
Up to the time when the machine receives a signal it will start working.
…before…
- The body will move on far some distance before it stops.
该物体将继续向前运动一段距离后才停下来。 - The values of most things must be converted from decimal to binary before computations can begin.
必须把大多数参数的值从十进制转换成二进制后才能开始计算。
2.once
副词:表示“一次”,“曾经”
连词:引导状语从句,表示“一旦”
- The signal is used to trigger the gate once.
这个信号用来触发门电路一次。 - Communicating via satellite is no longer the novelty it once was.
卫星通信不再是曾经那样的稀奇事了。 - Once start, the machine will be able to work automatically.
3.while引导状语从句
-
Even if on current is flowing, the voltage is there while the generator is operating.
即使没有电流流动,在发电机工作期间,电压总是存在的。 -
While this concept is used chiefly in electricity, the same terms are applicable to magnetism.
虽然这个概念主要用在电学中,但同样的一些术语也可用于磁学之中。 -
At this time the kinetic energy approaches infinity, while the potential energy approaches the minimum.
此时动能趋于无穷大,而势能趋于最小。
总结:
(1)表示“当…时候”、“在…期间”。【从句多为进行时态】
(2)表示“虽然”。【从句一般处在主句前;有时在主句的主谓之间】
(3)表示“而”。【从句与主句的句型一般是相同的。从句一般处在主句后;但为了强调,从句也可处在主句前】
4.as引导状语从句
-
As the current flows, the energy of the battery goes to the circuit.
当电流流动时,电池的能量进入电路中。 -
As the temperature of a body rise, the radiated heat also increases.
随着物体温度的上升,辐射热也不断增加。 - Electrons move round the nucleus just as the plants move round the sun.
电子绕原子核旋转,就像行星绕太阳运行一样。 -
As air is matter, it has weigh.
因为空气为物质,所以它有重量。 - This machine works as well as that one.
这台机器的性能与那台一样好。 - Atoms, tiny as they are, are made up of still smaller particles.
原子虽小,却是由更小的微粒构成的。
总结:
(1 )表示时间:
①当…时候”。[主从句两个动作一 般同时进行]
②“随着”。 [在从句中有表示变化的动词,主要有change, vary, increase, decrease, rise, fall等]
(2 )表示方式:“如同”、 “…样”。[往往在"as"前有程度副词just,exactly,much , somewhat]
(3)表示原因:“因为,由于”。[一般只能从整句的含义来判别]
(4)表示比较: … [ “as … as”,同等比较句型中的第二个"as" ]
(5)表示让步:“虽然”。[从句的一 部分(在科技英语中主要是从句的表语)一定要倒置在"as"之前]
5.provided that/providing (that),相当于if
- The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.
如果外力不超过一定限度的话,则形变量与外力的大小成正比。
6.such that = so that ,表示结果
- A current alters the properties of space in its vicinity such that a piece of iron there experiences a force.
电流改变了其周围空间的性质,以至于使那儿的铁块受到了一个力。
7. the instant/moment 用来引导状语从句,表示时间
as soon as /at the very moment when , 一…就…/就在…的时候
- It is not always necessary to replace a set of belts the instant one breaks or becomes too badly worn for use.
当一根皮带断裂或因磨损得太厉害而不能使用时,并不总是需要把整套皮带换掉。
8. 名词短语every/each/any time引导转状语从句
-
1.These double -angle formulas can be used any time we have expressed one angle as twice another.
每当我们把一一个角表示成另一个角的两倍时,就可使用这些倍角公式。 -
2.物体的热量表示其所有分子的能量之和,而物体的温度则是每个分子的平均能量。
While the heat of a body indicates the combined energies of all of its molecules, the temperature of a body measures the average of each individual molecule.
二.科技英语语法之名词从句
具备名词最主要的一些功能的从句,即作主语、宾语、表语或介词宾语。
1.主语,与动词不定式作主语时的情况相似,多数情况可以采用it做形式主语
- It makes no difference…
2.以介词开头的主语从句和宾语从句
-
It does not basically make any difference in which direction an NPN transistor is operated.
朝哪个方向上运用NPN晶体管基本上是没有区别的。 -
The potential energy of a body depends upon where we choose the base heighth= 0 to be.
物体的势能取决于我们把基高h=0选在何处。
3. what
若what在从句中作动词“称呼”、“描述” ( 即call、know、 name、term、describe、 refer to、speak of,say等)的动作对象并带有补足语时,则该动词与what合在一-起译成"所说的;所谓的"等放在补足语之前。
-
What we call a robot is no more than [just] a special kind of electronic device.
我们所说的机器人只不过是一种特殊的电子设备。
in what follows和in what is to follow意为"在下面; 在下文中”, 等同于in the following的含义。从语法上讲,what引导的是in的介词宾语从句。
如果what从句中的结构是what+系动词+表语(特别是名词时),那么往往只需要译出从句中的表语即可。
- This concept can be introduced in what is a clear and concise manner.
我们可以以清晰而简明的方式来介绍这个概念。
what it is或what they are意为现在这个样子/状态/情况/数值等或译成it/they所代的名词。what it was或what they were意为原来(过去)那个样子/状态/情况/数值等或译成it/they所代的名词。
- In this case, the magnetic induction is 5500 times what it was.
在这种情况下,磁感应强度是原来的5,500倍。
whatever作名词,在句中就等同于anything that的含义,作形容词,就等同于any + noun + that的含义。
-
The term “force” may be interpreted as whatever may be producing the distortion.
“力" 这个术语可以解释为能够产生形变的任何东西。 -
These instruments can indicate the d-c component of whatever signal may be under observation.
参考译文:这些仪器能够显示出可能正在观察的任何信号的直流分量。
三.科技英语语法之同位语从句
翻译的三种方法
1.把同位语从句译在被修饰的抽象名词之前,通常在这个名词之前加上“这一”两个字
- Here we have used the definition that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
这里,我们使用了加速度是速度的变化率这一定义。
2.顺译法,可以在抽象名词前加上“这一”或“以下”两字
-
This accounts for the observation that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature.
这就解释了我们观察到的这一情况:金属的电阻率是随温度的上升而增加的。 -
The latter form has the advantage that it can be extended to complex quantities.
后一种形式具有以下的优点/后一种形式的优点是:可以把它推广到复数领域。
3.动宾译法,把被修饰的抽象名词译为动词,这样同位语从句被译为宾语从句。这种情况下,抽象名词往往来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。
-
During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization;awareness] within business and academic circles that certain nations have evolved into information societies.
在过去几年间,商界和学术界的人士越来越认识到一一些国家已经步入了信息社会。 -
A consequence of the discovery of electricity was the observation that metals are good conductors while non-metals are poor conductors.
发现电的一个结果是,人们观察到了金属是良导体,而非金属是不良导体。
常见句型:
1.There is evidence that…
2.There is no doubt that…
3.There is every possibility that…
4.There is (no) guarantee that…
在少数几个名词,常见的有question、problem、 idea、 doubt. clue等词的后面 ,有时会直接跟由whether、what、when、 how等词引导的名词从句。在这种场合,这些名词从句就成了同位语从句,实际上是相当于在这些名词后省略了一个介词,一般为of、on、 about、 as to。
-
The question now arises whether this series converges.
现在出现了这样的一个问题:该级数是否收敛呢? -
The reader may have no idea what this symbol stands for.(idea后省略了of)
读者可能不清楚这个标点符号表示什么。 -
Since then, there have been speculations whether life exist on other planets.(speculations后省略了about)
自从那时以来,有关在其它行星上是否存在生命的问题,一直有各种各样的推测。