使用元类将Python2转换为Python3导致错误流程

Question

我有一个非常大的Python 2.7.6项目，我需要将其转换为Python 3.4。我用2to3脚本，但'元类'处理似乎被打破。

我过滤了代码以缩短并查明问题。

class Base(object): 
    class __metaclass__(type): 
     def __new__(cls, classname, bases, dict): 
      new = type.__new__(cls, classname, bases, dict) 
      new.classname = classname 
      print ("Base::__metaclass__::new. Called.") 
      return new     

class Heir(Base): 
    class __metaclass__(Base.__metaclass__): 
     def __new__(self, *args): 
      new = Base.__metaclass__.__new__(self, *args) 
      print ("Heir::__metaclass__::new. Called.") 
      return new 

    @classmethod 
    def define(cls, nexttype): 
     print ("Heir::define. Called.") 

class HeirOfHeir(Heir): 
    pass 

Heir.define(HeirOfHeir) 

代码打印效果与预期：

Base::__metaclass__::new. Called. 
Base::__metaclass__::new. Called. 
Heir::__metaclass__::new. Called. 
Base::__metaclass__::new. Called. 
Heir::__metaclass__::new. Called. 
Heir::define. Called. 

但与Python 3.4中运行的代码时，我只有最后一次打印：

Heir::define. Called. 

下面的片段与Python 2.7.6效果很好

2to3错误计算或需要一些手动工作。不幸的是，我对元类没有多少经验。

Answer 1

你原来的代码使用的事实，这是名__metaclass__在类体内被用作元类，但2to3定影液只查找直分配：

__metaclass__ = MetaClassName 

，而不是class __metaclass__声明或其他定义名称的方式（from somemodule import MetaClassName as __metaclass__将在Python 2类主体中工作，而2to3也会错过）。

您可以通过移动元类解决这个问题分开class定义：

class BaseMeta(type): 
    def __new__(cls, classname, bases, dict): 
     new = type.__new__(cls, classname, bases, dict) 
     new.classname = classname 
     print ("BaseMeta::new. Called.") 
     return new     

class Base(object): 
    __metaclass__ = BaseMeta 

class HeirMeta(BaseMeta): 
    def __new__(self, *args): 
     new = BaseMeta.__new__(self, *args) 
     print ("HeirMeta::new. Called.") 
     return new 

class Heir(Base):  
    __metaclass__ = HeirMeta 

    @classmethod 
    def define(cls, nexttype): 
     print ("Heir::define. Called.") 

class HeirOfHeir(Heir): 
    pass 

Heir.define(HeirOfHeir) 

你有做到这一点在Python 3 反正定义元类，作为机制来定义元类改为在之前确定元类而不是在期间运行类体（以便元类也可以影响该步骤）。

现在2to3将正确地检测到存在于你的班__metaclass__属性和重写那些使用新的Python 3语法：

stackoverflow-2.7 $ bin/python -m lib2to3 fixed.py 
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: buffer 
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: idioms 
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: set_literal 
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: ws_comma 
RefactoringTool: Refactored fixed.py 
--- fixed.py (original) 
+++ fixed.py (refactored) 
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ 
     print ("BaseMeta::new. Called.") 
     return new     

-class Base(object): 
- __metaclass__ = BaseMeta 
+class Base(object, metaclass=BaseMeta): 
+ pass 

class HeirMeta(BaseMeta): 
    def __new__(self, *args): 
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ 
     print ("HeirMeta::new. Called.") 
     return new 

-class Heir(Base):  
- __metaclass__ = HeirMeta 
- 
+class Heir(Base, metaclass=HeirMeta):  
    @classmethod 
    def define(cls, nexttype): 
     print ("Heir::define. Called.") 
RefactoringTool: Files that need to be modified: 
RefactoringTool: fixed.py 

和重构的代码按预期工作：

stackoverflow-2.7 $ bin/python -m lib2to3 -o ../stackoverflow-3.4 -nw --no-diffs fixed.py 
lib2to3.main: Output in '../stackoverflow-3.4' will mirror the input directory '' layout. 
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: buffer 
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: idioms 
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: set_literal 
RefactoringTool: Skipping implicit fixer: ws_comma 
RefactoringTool: Refactored fixed.py 
RefactoringTool: Writing converted fixed.py to ../stackoverflow-3.4/fixed.py. 
RefactoringTool: Files that were modified: 
RefactoringTool: fixed.py 
stackoverflow-2.7 $ cd ../stackoverflow-3.4 
stackoverflow-3.4 $ bin/python -V 
Python 3.4.2 
stackoverflow-3.4 $ bin/python fixed.py 
BaseMeta::new. Called. 
BaseMeta::new. Called. 
HeirMeta::new. Called. 
BaseMeta::new. Called. 
HeirMeta::new. Called. 
Heir::define. Called.